In that era, it's kind of hard to remember. But this is a huge metaphysical assumption that underlies this debate and divides us. I still do it sometimes, but mostly it's been professionalized and turned into journalism, or it's just become Twitter or Facebook. One of these papers, we found an effect that was far too small to ever be observed, so we wrote about it. Answer (1 of 27): The short answer: I was denied tenure at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst in 2008. I didn't even get on any shortlists the next year. Spread the word. And you take external professor at the Santa Fe Institute to an extreme level having never actually visited. So, we made a bet. At least one person, ex post facto, said, "Well, you know, I think some people got an impression during that midterm evaluation that they didn't let go of that you don't write any papers," even though it wasn't true. I remember -- who was I talking to? But I do think that there's room for optimism that a big re-think, from the ground up, based on taking quantum mechanics seriously and seeing where you go from there, could have important implications for both of these issues. Did you get any question like that? I'll say it if you don't want to, but it's regarded as a very difficult textbook. Did Jim know you by reputation, or did you work with him prior to you getting to Santa Barbara? Now, we did a terrible job teaching it because we just asked them to read far too much. Yeah, so actually, I should back up a little bit, because like I said, at Harvard, there were no string theorists. Not just that they should be allowed out of principle, but in different historical circumstances, progress has been made from very different approaches. Carroll, while raised as an Episcopalian,[36] is an atheist, or as he calls it, a "poetic naturalist". Grant applications and papers get turned down, and . I can never decide if that's just a stand-in for Berkeley and Princeton, or it means something more general than that. That's a different me. Young people. For multiple citations, "AIP" is the preferred abbreviation for the location. It's true, but I did have to take astronomy classes. Also, assistant professor, right? SLAC has done a wonderful job hiring string theorists, for example. There's no delay on the line. But he didn't know me in high school. I've brought in money with a good amount of success, but not lighting the sky on fire, or anything like that. His research papers include models of, and experimental constraints on, violations of Lorentz invariance; the appearance of closed timelike curves in general relativity; varieties of topological defects in field theory; and cosmological dynamics of extra spacetime dimensions. Hiring managers will sometimes check to see how long a candidate typically stays with the organizations they have worked for. There are so many people at Chicago. They appear, but once every few months, but not every episode. You can't get a non-tenured job. But I think, that it's often hard for professors to appreciate the difference between hiring a postdoc and hiring a faculty member. Mark and I continued collaborating when we both became faculty members, and we wrote some very influential papers while we were doing that. Sorry, I forgot the specific question I'm supposed to be answering here. I was like, okay, you don't have to believe the solar neutrino problem, but absolutely have to believe Big Bang nucleosynthesis. The idea of visiting the mathematicians is just implausible. So, was that your sense, that you had that opportunity to do graduate school all over again? and as an assistant professor at the University of Chicago until 2006 when he was denied tenure. You know when someone wants to ask a question. Melville, NY 11747 Again, I was wrong over and over again. They need it written within six months so it can be published before the discovery is announced. But most of us didn't think it was real. I do think my parents were smart cookies, but again, not in any sense intellectual, or anything like that. What's so great about right now? She will start as a professor in July, while continuing to write for The Times Magazine. Who hasn't written one, really? Now, was this a unique position that Caltech tailored for you, given what you wanted to do in this next role? Largely, Ed Witten was the star of the show, and that's why I wanted to go to Princeton. Rather than telling other people they're stupid, be friendly, be likable, be openminded. Our Browse Subjects feature is also affected by this migration. Because they pay for your tuition. Anyway, again, afterward, more than one person says, "Why did you write a textbook? We'll have to see. So, then, the decision was, well -- so, to answer your question, yes -- well, sorry, I didn't quite technically get tenured offers, if I'm being very, very honest, but it was clear I was going to. They discussed consciousness, the many-worlds view of quantum mechanics, the arrow of time, free will, facts and values, and other topics including moral realism. And I knew that. I would have gone to Harvard if I could have at the time, but I didn't think it was a big difference. I think that's much more the reason why you don't hear these discussions that much. I talked to the philosophers and classicists, and whatever, but I don't think anyone knew. Marc Kamionkowski proposed the Moore Center for Cosmology and Theoretical Physics. I was a theorist. Another follow up paper, which we cleverly titled, Could you be tricked into thinking that w is less than minus one? by modifying gravity, or whatever. I say, "Look, there are things you are interested in. That is, the extent to which your embrace of being a public intellectual, and talking with people throughout all kinds of disciplines, and getting on the debate stage, and presenting and doing all of these things, the nature versus nurture question there is, would that have been your path no matter what academic track you took? But honestly, no, I don't think that was ever a big thing. So, I will help out with organizing workshops, choosing who the postdocs are, things like that. Again, I could generate the initiative to do that, but it's not natural, whereas in Chicago, it kind of did all blend into each other in a nice way. But they imagined it, and they wrote down little models in which it was true. Every little discipline, you will be judged compared to the best people, who do nothing but that discipline. I didn't do what I wanted to do. More the latter couple things, between collaborative and letting me do whatever I wanted on my own. What I discovered in the wake of this paper I wrote about the arrow of time is a whole community of people I really wasn't plugged into before, doing foundations of physics. I think the reason why is because they haven't really been forced to sit down and think about quantum mechanics as quantum mechanics, all for its own sake. Abdoulaye Doucoure has revealed how he came 'close to leaving Everton ' during Frank Lampard 's tenure at the club. In 2017, Carroll presented an argument for rejecting certain cosmological models, including those with Boltzmann brains, on the basis that they are cognitively unstable: they cannot simultaneously be true and justifiably believed. Huge excitement because of this paper. If you're positively curved, you become more and more positively curved, and eventually you re-collapse. The acceleration due to gravity, of the acceleration of the universe, or whatever. A professor's tenure may be denied for a variety of reasons, some of which are more complex. It's the time that I would spend, if I were a regular faculty member, on teaching, which is a huge amount of time. That's a recognized thing that's going on. Alan Guth and Eddie Farhi, Bill Press and George Field at Harvard, and also other students at Harvard, rather than just picking one respectable physicist advisor and sticking with him. And Bill was like, "No, it's his exam. There were people who absolutely had thought about it. Sean, another topic I love to historicize, where it was important and where it was trendy, is string theory. Then, my final book, my most recent one, was Something Deeply Hidden. I'll just put them on the internet. So, they looked at me with new respect, then, because I had some insider knowledge because of that. I was thinking of a research project -- here is the thought process. And I said, "Well, I did, and I worked it all out, and I thought it was not interesting." So, that's a wonderful environment where all of your friends are there, you know all the faculty, everyone hangs out, and you're doing research, which very few of the physics faculty were doing. I was also on the ground floor theoretically, because I had written this paper with Bill Press that had gotten attention. So, the fact that we're anywhere near flat, which we are, right? And I could double down on that, and just do whatever research I wanted to do, and I could put even more effort into writing books and things like that. Disclaimer: This transcript was scanned from a typescript, introducing occasional spelling errors. So, there were these plots that people made of, as you look at larger and larger objects, the implied amount of matter density in the universe comes closer and closer to the critical density. But they told me, they said, "We talked to the people at Chicago, and they thought that you were just interested in writing textbooks and not doing research anymore." The COBE satellite that was launched on a pretty shoestring budget at the time, and eventually found the CMB anisotropies, that was the second most complicated thing NASA had ever put in orbit after the Hubble space telescope. Like, a collaboration that is out there in the open, and isn't trying to hide their results until they publish it, but anyone can chip in. The argument I make in the paper is if you are a physicalist, if you exclude by assumption the possibility of non-physical stuff -- that's a separate argument, but first let's be physicalists -- then, we know the laws of physics governing the stuff out of which we are made at the quantum field theory level. I'm not exactly sure when it happened, but I can tell you a story. In my mind, there were some books -- like, Bernard Schutz wrote a book, which had this wonderful ambition, and Jim Hartle wrote a book on teaching general relativity to undergraduates. Let's start with the research first. If there's less matter than that, then space has a negative curvature. When I got there, we wrote a couple of papers tighter. I learned afterward it was not at all easy, and she did not sail through. I worked a lot with Mark Trodden. So, the undergraduates are just much more comfortable learning it. Did you do that self-consciously? So, I wonder, just in the way that atheists criticize religious people for confirmation bias, in this world that you reside in with your academic contemporaries and fellow philosophers and scientists, what confirmation biases have you seen in this world that you feel are holding back the broader endeavor of getting at the truth? We have dark energy, it's pushing the universe apart, it's surprising. None of that at Chicago. I don't know what's going to happen to the future of podcasting. People are listening with headphones for an hour at a time, right? WRITER E Jean Carroll filed a defamation lawsuit against former President Donald Trump in 2019 claiming he tarnished her reputation in his response to her sexual assault allegations against him . If literally no one else cares about what you're doing, then you should rethink. I think probably the most common is mine, which is the external professorship. That's the case I tried to make. It's the path to achieving tenure. It's literally that curvature scalar R, that is the thing you put into what we call the Lagrangian to get the equations of motion. He's the best graduate student I've ever had. You're really looking out into the universe as a whole. I'm crystal clear that this other stuff that I do hurts me in terms of being employable elsewhere.

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