B. This angulation will generally aim the beam perpendicular to the plane of the film. Place the lead apron and thyroid collar on appropriately. A step-down transformer is necessary within the x-ray circuitry to __________. If a patient is unable to stabilize the film sensor in their own mouth, the __________ should hold it for them during x-ray exposure while also wearing a lead apron with a thyroid collar. Premolar Bitewing Image Using BW Tabs Film: Center horizontally Front edge includes the distal of the canine Place front edge of the film across to the opposite arch anteriors Positioning Indicator Device (PID): The middle of PID is placed at the occlusal surface Central ray directed between first and second premolars . dentists Copyright 2023 StudeerSnel B.V., Keizersgracht 424, 1016 GC Amsterdam, KVK: 56829787, BTW: NL852321363B01, Forecasting, Time Series, and Regression (Richard T. O'Connell; Anne B. Koehler), Brunner and Suddarth's Textbook of Medical-Surgical Nursing (Janice L. Hinkle; Kerry H. Cheever), Biological Science (Freeman Scott; Quillin Kim; Allison Lizabeth), Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications (Gay L. R.; Mills Geoffrey E.; Airasian Peter W.), Psychology (David G. Myers; C. Nathan DeWall), Give Me Liberty! Considerations; Each Bitewing should have: Equal Vertical bitewings provide a more in-depth view of not only interproximal areas, but a more detailed picture of the periodontal structures. border of film should cover the distal of the second premolar and all You will be redirected once the validation is complete. : an American History (Eric Foner), Civilization and its Discontents (Sigmund Freud), Chemistry: The Central Science (Theodore E. Brown; H. Eugene H LeMay; Bruce E. Bursten; Catherine Murphy; Patrick Woodward), The Methodology of the Social Sciences (Max Weber), Campbell Biology (Jane B. Reece; Lisa A. Urry; Michael L. Cain; Steven A. Wasserman; Peter V. Minorsky), Principles of Environmental Science (William P. Cunningham; Mary Ann Cunningham), Business Law: Text and Cases (Kenneth W. Clarkson; Roger LeRoy Miller; Frank B. If you knew the answer, tap the green Know box. Please enable cookies on your browser and try again. The _____ radiograph shows the entire tooth from occlusal surface or incisal edge to about 2 to 3 mm beyond the apex to show the periapical bone. The maxillary and mandibular arches should be imaged equally. This type of error is termed a cone-cut. -The crestal bone, The alignment of the x-ray beam in the horizontal and vertical planes formed by the long axis of the teeth and the film sensor placement is referred to as. Developer cutoff will result in a straight, __________ border. Central Ray is directed at the center of the image receptor at a spot on the incisal plane between the maxillary and mandibular teeth. Which technique can be used in situations such as a small mouth, shallow palate, or the presence of tori? For molar bitewing radiographs you should also be able to visualize 2 mm of bone distal to the distal-most tooth on the plane of occlusion. 2. processing. where the molar bitewing should be centered over what is second molar 200 result of incorrect horizontal angulation of the PID what is overlap/contact areas 300 owned by the dentist what is x rays 300 the right way to check for film freshness what is processing one film from each box with fresh chemicals 300 apex of each tooth visible at least once), 2. Which bone marrow site should be considered in dental imaging? a. chicken and turkey When using a #2 film sensor for anterior views using the paralleling technique, the number of anterior images taken is, The dental assistant exposing a periapical film sensor using the paralleling technique should always start with the, One reason the bisecting technique is used is. necessary if apex of 1st premolar or 1st molar Bitewing X-rays show details of the upper and lower teeth in one area of the mouth. All of the following anatomical landmarks are found on the mandibular arch, except the __________. for each placement: 1. If the central ray of the x-ray beam is not centered on the film sensor, a partial image will result on the film sensor, which is called a(n) __________. or mandibular PREMOLAR exposure-, Distal What can happen to a lead apron if it is folded for storage? If developer splashes on and contacts a film before processing, the spots will appear __________. The lead collimator is used to __________. Incorrectly positioning the bite tab positions the film incorrectly, so that a disproportionate amount of each arch is imaged on the film. excessive elongation or foreshortening; or incisal one-third cut off, 3. necessary if apex of lateral, canine, and/or premolar is missing; permit detection of pathology in all areas, 6. According to the guidelines for film placement, which of the following is true? What is a potential disease that can result from high doses of radiation to the bone marrow? How will the image appear if insufficient vertical angulation is used during exposure? Fixer cutoff will result in a straight, __________ border. When a size #2 film sensor is used, the anterior films are in the ______ position, and the posterior films/sensors are in the ______ position. Maxillary Digital radiographic sensors can also be used to produce BWs. Considerations; Each PA In children and adolescents, they also show developing permanent teeth. Incorrect horizontal angulation of the PID results in __________. reveals interproximal caries at early stages iii. University of Toronto - Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto Faculty of Dentistry Information and Instructional Technology Services. What is another name for the radiation that is produced when the primary beam interacts with matter? When a film appears black without an image, what error was made? According to the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP), the maximum permissible dose for persons occupationally exposed is __________. Which of the following is the basic form of matter? label the mount with the patient's name and date before mounting the films. A periapical view shows the tooth from the occlusal surface or incisal edge to about _____ mm beyond the apex to show the periapical bone. All of the following structures will appear radiolucent on dental x-ray film, except __________. instructor supervision. Occlusal The Chronic radiation exposure occurs when __________ doses of radiation are received over a _________ time period. What technique is recommended by the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology and the American Association of Dental Schools because it provides the most accurate image with the least amount of radiation exposure to the patient? Specific Why is it best to avoid dating jealous people? of alveolar bone visible beyond the apex of each tooth, The Has the potential to cause harmful biologic changes, no matter how small. When using receptor holders, the bite block should be placed on the teeth to be imaged and not on the opposing teeth. canine should be at the midpoint of the film with lateral, canine, SAVE PROGRESS. The dental assistant exposing a periapical film sensor using the paralleling technique should always start with the __________. Each of the following statements is true about taking radiographs using the paralleling technique except. -The crowns and interproximal areas of the maxillary and mandibular teeth. q&`i centering of position indicating device, 7. 5 What does a vertical bitewing X-ray show? In the bisecting of the angle technique, the central ray is __________ to the bisector line. The technique recommended by the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology and the American Association of Dental Schools because it provides the most accurate image with the least amount of radiation exposure to the patient is the _____ technique. Figure 26 - Bitewing image did not capture Maxillary margins or bone. www.rdhmag.com is using a security service for protection against online attacks. To see how well you know the information, try the Quiz or Test activity. density and contrast between black and white shadows in each film to All of these cells or tissue have low or fairly low radiation sensitivity, except __________. Find an expression for the velocity component in the yyy direction. Left - right molar bitewing radiograph showing a minimum of 2 mm of alveolar crest in maxilla and mandible interproximally and 2 mm of bone distal to the second molars. Which technique can be used in situations such as a small mouth, shallow palate, or the presence of tori? Total dose- quantity of radiation received, or the total How many millimeters beyond the apex of the tooth does a periapical view show? a. If you change the exposure time of the x-ray unit, what is affected? 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Vertical angulation xray technique, differentiate between paralleling and, When using film, the white side is always placed towards the teeth, Dental film holder is used to position and hold the dental film in the, All the following are true regarding the transferring of dental images, thermionic emulsions refer to the release of electrons from tungsten, a patient wearing earring or glasses must removed them before the, panoramic x-ray or else a ghost image is going to occur, intraoral full mouth survey in adults has 18-20 images, the focal trough is an 3D curve area or space that is same shape as a , each must be disclosed to the patient before obtaining consent for x-ray, EXCEPT rights of the patients as owners of the image, 10. one reason for lighter than normal radiograph is the developer solution is, 11. natural overlap exists, 4. When taking periapical x-rays, the patient's head is _____ for maxillary films and _____ for the mandibular arch. Specific Good for patients with bone loss. one-half of canine on the anterior border of film with both premolar and Terms of Service. The correct starting point for . Milliamperage controls the degree of blackness, or __________ on an image. Which of the following is the basic form of matter ATOM, 12. overlapping of intercrestal bone with 1-2 mm crestal bone visible, Clear When taking periapical images, it is best to start with anterior images because. The creation of ideal and diagnostic images is challenging and depends on good technique. Prepare the patient. For a molar horizontal bitewing view, the bitewing tab should be centered on the sensor and placed behind the molar teeth. which exposure to radiation occurs and absorption takes place. or mandibular PREMOLAR exposure-, Distal canine should be at the midpoint of the film with lateral, canine, (c) Digital subtraction between the two radiographs.The darker area in the lesion area (white circle . The number of bitewing films needed is based on the curvature of the arch and the. SUMMARY Specific chart and be of diagnostic quality. In adults, a size #___ intraoral film is used for the occlusal technique. 1 0 obj<> endobj 2 0 obj<>/Font<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 3 0 obj<>stream film must be positioned parallel to the long axis of the tooth, If the patient is in a wheelchair, does not have the use of his or her upper limbs, and a film sensor holder cannot be used to stabilize the film sensor, you should. A. What is another name for the central ray? necessary if distal of second premolar is not visible in either PM I3*7UNn$/7T;! The bitewing view shows the crowns and interproximal areas of the __________. The maxillary sinuses are located above the maxillary posterior teeth. Radiographic images on an edentulous patient might be required for the detection of __________. Use these flashcards to help memorize information. At least (a)(a)(a) After the earthquake, you are in charge of examining the video of the floor motion and discovering that a box on the floor started to slip when the amplitude reached 10cm10 \text{~cm}10cm. Sufficient the teeth, Sufficient Which tissue is lowest for relative radiation sensitivity? 4 How do you set the vertical angulation? Maxillary Determine the proper step to. Discuss how to determine the error made during horizontal angulation when No A film that has not been exposed to radiation will appear __________. films exposed, processed, and mounted should be kept in the patients Evaluate the acceleration of a fluid particle in the gap. entire crown and root structure of appropriate teeth centered on, the orslightly curved upward in the distal, 3. Insufficient vertical angulation causes foreshortening. Your email address is only used to allow you to reset your password. Occlusal plane (Curve of Spee) straight across the horizontal midline of the film or slightly curved upward in the distal. dimensional distortion (magnification or enlargement) of the crowns of can see crestal bone height with less distortion: vertical bitewings reveal the most bone. distinct images of the teeth with no processing and handling errors such Modual 1 Discussion 1 How does this article give you a better understanding of the changing perception of Irish immigrants in America? The FMX An intraoral FMX is composed of both periapical and bite-wing projections. What does a vertical bitewing X-ray show? Bite-Wing Image Cassette Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) Diagnostic Quality Image Digital Image Digitized Film Duplicating Horizontal Angulation Latent Image Manual Processing Occlusal Technique Panoramic Radiography Paralleling Technique Periapical Views Phosphor Storage Plates (PSP) Point of Entry Positioning Instrument Radiograph Scanning Incorrect settings may produce a film that has improper density (too light or dark) or poor contrast (too much or too little) making the interpretation of the image on the film difficult. __________ are the most basic form of matter. All of the following structures will appear radiopaque on dental x-ray film, except __________. A developmental disability is an impairment of mental or physical functioning that occurs before adulthood and lasts forever. Disadvantages i. doesn't show apical conditions 2. Only as needed to obtain diagnostic images. Refers to x-radiation created when the primary beam interacts with matter. When a size #2 film sensor is used, the anterior films are in the __________ position, and the posterior films/sensors are in the __________ position. special cases of horizontal impactions or unusually high unerupted The contact between the second premolar and the first molar is centered on the film. Considerations; Criteria Appropriate contact areas open on respective views providing no person), All All of these cells or tissues have high radiation sensitivity, except __________. Clear overlapping; occlusal angled so one arch is not visible; distorted The horizontal orientation is standard, however, when there is significant periodontal bone loss then the vertical BW is required to image the crestal bone. According to the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP), the maximum permissible dose for persons non-occupationally exposed is __________. Aluminum; remove long wavelengths from the beam. An intraoral full-mouth survey on an adult consists of _____ images. If a film passes through the fixer solution before the developing solution, the film will appear __________. What is common effect of high doses of radiation on the skin? When the electrons strike the tungsten target, what percentage of x-rays and heat are produced? entire 2nd and 3rd molars (if present) with We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Object and image receptor should be as close as possible c. Object should be as far as practical from the target (source of radiation) d.Radiation should strike the object and image receptor perpendicularly. permit detection of pathology in all areas, Correct The function of the __________ filter in the x-ray tube is to __________. When you've placed seven or more cards in the Don't know box, tap "retry" to try those cards again. A horizontal bitewing is used for detecting __________. Inadequate stabilization of the film/bite tab combination causes the film to tilt/tip producing an image that is not oriented correctly. 1/4 margin of film next to the occlusal/incisal edge, 8. Privacy Policy and centering of position indicating device, Clear The American Dental Association recommends that films be mounted __________. }RQ!p5 XY7g"_kx#YjD`E"rXO`LaPi:2rR.&-?aqntwO~8yt4\w{/DYUL*21,2ua yx,eVjBZ y6j\!nZ6jg6yV8:/e]TGd9{U"K* eEu 3L5\1Tq*H{YihAj1E D(KOzQ\J2*C] @a.r!FA)jt8B=+MjmA6~H%PdDGm[*Xm]d6q[.l omY]="@mTjnBL 8,r=+UXj< General amount of radiation energy absorbed. Which film holder can aid in positioning the film during an endodontic procedure, because it fits around the dam clamp and the endodontic instruments? This process is automatic. Abstract Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of conventional bitewing, periapical radiographs, unfiltered and filtered digital panoramic images for the assessment of approximal carious lesions in posterior teeth. dimensional distortion (magnification or enlargement) of the crowns of film sensor is placed parallel to the crowns of the teeth. molar contacts should be revealed, Retake which is to be included in the premolar bitewing radiograph: distal half of the crowns of the canines, both premolars and often the first molars on both maxillary and manibular arches: when exposing a molar bitewing radiograph where should the film be centered: over the second molars: the occlusal technique is named this because This angulation allows the x-ray beam to pass through the contacts of the teeth, allowing a clear unobstructed (open, without overlap) view of the interproximal surfaces of the teeth. The identification dot on the film is always placed in the slot of the film holder. apex of each tooth visible at least once), No No Cross), Radio Exam 5 (12-13) - Lecture notes 12-14, Budget Reflection - The assignment was to write a paper on what we learned about Financial Literacy, Student-Suicide and Non-Suicidal Self-Injury- Unfolding Reasoning, Case Study Student-Dementia- Unfolding Reasoning, child w/ primary dentition horizontal placem, child with mixed dentition horizontal pl, discouraged, narrower and longer; causes ov, Language Arts Instruction and Intervention (C365), Community Health and Population-Focused Nursing Field Experience (C229), Foundations of Addiction and Substance Use Disorders (PCN-100), Professional Nursing Practicum (NUR - 4836C), Nutrition and Exercise Physiology (NEP 1034), Expanding Family and Community (Nurs 306), Introduction to Computer Technology (BIT-200), Philippine Politics and Governance (PPG-11/12), Professional Application in Service Learning I (LDR-461), Advanced Anatomy & Physiology for Health Professions (NUR 4904), Principles Of Environmental Science (ENV 100), Operating Systems 2 (proctored course) (CS 3307), Comparative Programming Languages (CS 4402), Business Core Capstone: An Integrated Application (D083), Active Learning Template Nursing Skill form Therapeutic Communication, BIO 115 Final Review - Organizers for Bio 115, everything you need to know, Iris Module 2- Accomodations for Students w Disabilities, Copy Of Magnetism Notes For Physics Academy Lab of Magnetism For 11th Grade, ECO 201 - Chapter 2 Thinking like economist part 1 - Sep 9, Chapter 4 - Summary Give Me Liberty! Angulation of the PID is critical to ensure that the central ray is perpendicular to the bisector line in which of the following techniques? Two of the most common positioning errors are; Not positioning the film anteriorly enough in the arch, so that the BW doesnt provide an adequate view of the distal aspect of the cuspids. necessary if distal of canine is not visible; excessive horizontal What is the purpose of the lead collimator? The correct order of steps in manual film processing is __________. maxillary tuberosity of ramus visible on respective views, Retake If the central ray of the x-ray beam is not centered on the film sensor, a partial image will result on the film sensor, which is called a(n). Choose the correct term from the list for each description. All cells except the reproductive cells (muscles. device (PID), Maxillary or, No What is the most unhealthy restaurant in America? How large must the lagoon be to hold 30 days' worth of manure? In Each bitewing shows a tooth from its crown (the exposed surface) to the level of the supporting bone. This technique requires the use of intraoral film, which is placed inside the mouth and is used to examine the teeth and supporting structures. What is the minimum distance the operator should stand from the x-ray unit during an exposure unless they are behind a barrier? A filter made of copper removes the longer wavelengths from the x-ray beam. If the patient is in a wheelchair and does not have the use of his or her upper limbs and a dental x-ray image sensor holder cannot be used to stabilize the film sensor, you should __________. overlapping, elongation, or foreshortening exists, or coronal one-third and/or 1st premolar open contacts, Retake 1st molar apices and variable amounts of 2nd molar the film (with the and distinct images of the teeth and other structures with no processing Because the entire x-ray area is considered a radiation hazard area, a radiation hazard sign must be posted in __________. www.rdhmag.com is using a security service for protection against online attacks. border of film should cover the distal of the canine, Retake distribution of both maxillary and mandibular teeth on the film, Occlusal The average adult full mouth series includes 18-20 images. To minimize image distortion, the film must be positioned __________ to the long axis of the tooth. plane (Curve of Spee) straight across the horizontal midline of the film patient's name and the date the images were exposed. General When mounting radiographs, it is important to. A filter made of __________ removes long wavelengths from the x-ray beam. dimensional distortion, 9. The __________ film holder can be used to aid in positioning the film during the root canal procedure because it fits around a rubber dam clamp and allows space for endodontic instruments and filling materials to protrude from the tooth. Age- children are more susceptible to radiation damage than 5. In diagnosis. Radiographic images on an edentulous patient might be required for detection of. The term __________ refers to either a digital imaging sensor or film. Fixer cutoff will result in a straight, black border. B. The American Dental Association recommends that films be mounted according to the labial mounting method. When using a size #1 film sensor for anterior images using the paralleling technique, _____ maxillary and _____ mandibular images are exposed. advantages (over Periapical images) i. receptor can be positioned almost parallel to teeth of both arches ii. Angulation of the PID is critical to ensure that the central ray is perpendicular to the bisector line in which of the following techniques? Panoramic imaging allows the dentist to do all the following EXCEPT - determine if the tooth is percussion sensitive 35. What are the pros and cons of vertical bitewings? Ionization occurs when an electron is removed from an atom. An intraoral full-mouth survey on an average adult consists of __________ images. Then tap the card to flip it. ask the patient's caregiver to assist in holding the film sensor. No When you need a break, try one of the other activities listed below the flashcards like Matching, Snowman, or Hungry Bug. or mandibular MOLAR exposure-, Anterior interproximal caries. The central beam should be perpendicular with the long axis of the tooth. 10.1).Modern techniques use holders, as shown later, which have eliminated the need for the wing (now termed a tab), and digital image receptors (solid-state or phosphor plate) can be used instead of film, but . The portion of the x-ray machine that supplies the electrons to produce x-rays is the __________. The maxillary sinuses are located above the central incisors. The device that intensifies, or increases, the effect of the radiation and decreases the amount of exposure time needed when exposing an extraoral radiograph is a(n) __________. Which of these are sources of potential radiation exposure? When taking a premolar bitewing image, the anterior edge of the film sensor should be placed __________. The American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology recommends using the paralleling technique because. Otherwise, tap the red Don't know box. permit detection of pathology in all areas, 4. Correct What is the purpose of the lead foil in the film packet? Taken with the film or sensor place in a vertical direction (vertical bitewings), these radiographs also show bone volume and density, for evaluation of periodontal health (peri around; odont tooth). Which wavelength of x-ray produces greater energy and usefulness? B. Contain radioactive substances such as uranium. Second molar . Not positioning the film posteriorly enough in the arch, so that the BW doesnt provide an adequate view of the distal aspect of the last molar. are adults. Vertical bitewings are often indicated in patients where current or past periodontitis is suspected so as to better reveal the relationships of the teeth to interproximal crestal bone levels. Clear The usual protocol is to take three bitewings on each side and then one for the anterior. d. milk, nuts, and legumes, During an earthquake, a horizontal floor oscillates horizontally in approximately simple harmonic motion. HWnGC?Re)q"'P"49&rhONf$aoUN.FO83,ft>z=.43.#8T?j2C2 ,?2F\WY=~7|527/w t?3nF4bK6!bE//'f"Ba1r(K y p Sc7$,H'd9_` Make sure to remember your password. distribution of both maxillary and mandibular teeth on the film, 2. The range of shades of gray between black and white on an image is called __________. or mandibular CENTRAL exposure-, Both How is the vertical angulation of a bitewing determined? The molar bitewing image should be centered over the _____. Seat the patient, in an upright position in the dental chair. RADIOGRAPH PLACEMENT & CRITERIA FOR EACH FILM. A series of seven vertical bitewings allows for the capture of both anterior and posterior teeth. The The American Dental Association recommends that films be mounted, differs according to the technique being used The service requires full JavaScript support in order to view this website. 2003-2023 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. In the paralleling technique, the central ray of the x-ray beam must be __________ to the film sensor and the long axis of the tooth. it provides the most accurate image with the least amount of radiation exposure. :N=VHNVA~tn5\BS<75i}8kxK;-h+ p ~Jd5u8A+UhzNkj fK)lKm@@T+r]mzS`.QPM5 The chip in the charge-coupled device, or CCD, in direct digital imaging receptors is made of __________. When using the paralleling technique, what area of the mouth is best to start with since it is easier for the patient to tolerate? A lead apron and a thyroid collar __________. 22. Bitewing radiography. The degree of density or blackness on an image is controlled by the milliamperage. such cases, a retake of the molar area is not necessary, but a special 4. entire crown and root structure of appropriate teeth centered on b. For bitewings, begin with the premolar bitewing over the molar bitewing. For best results enter two or more search terms. In the premolar image, there should be no overlap of the distal surface of the first premolars with the mesial surfaces of the second premolars. When using the film, the image will also appear lighter (less dense) and have a herringbone pattern along one side. diagnose pathologic conditions of the tooth,root and bone as well as tooth formation and eruption, For the average adult a FMX consists of how many films, when taking a FMX which area is the region in which the number of films usually varies, when taking a FMX in the anterior region and you are using the bisecting technique which size of film would you use and how many would you take, when taking a FMX in the anterior region and you are using the paralleling technique which size of film would you use and how many would you take, what are the two basic techniques for obtaining periapical x-rays, Why is the paralleling technique recommended over the bisecting technique, becuuse it provides the most accurate image with the least amount of radiation exposure to the patient, in which situations would the operator need to use the bisecting technique over the paralleling technique, if the pt has a small mouth, shallow palate, tori, the paralleling technique is also known as what, extension cone paralleling ( XCP) right angle or long cone technique, what are the 5 basic rules to following when using the paralleling technique, film placement, film position, vertical angulation,horizontal angulation and central ray, when using the paralleling technique how must the film be positioned, when using the paralleling technique how must the film holder be placed, away from the teeth and toward the middle of the mouth, when using the paralleling technique what does it mean when we are talking about vertical angulation, the central ray of teh x-ray beam must be directed perpendicular ( right angles ) to the film and the long axis of the tooth, what does it mean when we are talking about horizontal angulation when using the paralleling technique, the central ray of the x-ray beam must be directed through the contact areas between the teeth, failure to center the central ray on the film will result in what, when exposing periapical films with teh paralleling technique where does the book say you should always start, why does the book say you should start with anterior teeth, the film size # 1 is small and is easier for patients to tolerate,patients adapt more easily to the anterior film holder,less likely to gag, what color is the anterior XCP ring/rod system, what color is the posterior XCP ring/rod system, what color is the bitewing XCP rint/rod system, the bisecting technique is based on what principle, the geometric principle of equally dividing a triangle, where should you uplace the film when using the bisecting technique, directly against the teeth to be radiographed, whith the bisecting technique the angle formed by the ____ and the __________ is bisected into two equal parts, when bisecting where is the xrya beam directed, what is the major disadvantage of the bisecting technique, images on the film are dimensionally distored, when using the bisecting technique what should you never do, have the patient hold the film in their mouth with their finger, what types of film holders can you use for bisecting, the BAI, the Stabe bite block, the EeZee grip formerly known as the snap a ray, in the bisecting technique what is critical, by moving the PID in a horizontal or vertical direction, what does incorrect horizontal angulation result in, incorrect vertical angulation results in what, image that is not the same length as the tooth that is being xrayed.
